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Though the lecture notes provide a fairly complete introduction to the principles and practice of transmission electron microscopy, they are NOT comprehensive. Listed below are specific chapters, journal articles or book sections that will guide you to other references so you can obtain additional and more detailed descriptions of appropriate topics. To maximize the value derived from this course, it is most helpful to supplement the lectures and lecture notes with at least some outside reading. Those references identified with the ' ' symbol are recommended starting points.
Introductory Material
Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.1-19

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 1-3, pp.1-37 (pp.1-37 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 1-2, pp.1-59 (pp.1-65 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.1-37

Slayter (1970) Chap. 16, pp.341-350

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 2-3, pp.15-128

Hall (1966) Chap. 1-2, pp.1-43
History of the Electron Microscope
Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 2, pp.4-5 (4-5 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 2, pp.55-59 (49-54 in 1970 edition)

Hall (1966) Chap. 1, pp.1-6

Burton, E. F. & Kohl, W. H. In The Electron Microscope. 1st ed. 1942, 2nd ed. (1946). Historical accounts of very early electron microscopy. (1942: 578.1 B95; 1946: 578.1 B95e2)

Historical Aspects of Microscopy. S. Bradbury & G. L'E. Turner (eds.). (1967). Contains a chapter by T. Mulvey on the history of the electron microscope. (578.09 H629)

The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy. P. W. Hawkes (ed.). (1985). Contains many chapters devoted to the history of TEM and SEM. Adv. Elec. Elec. Phys. Suppl. 16 (621.38 Ad9s Physics library)

Cosslett, V. E. (1987) "Fifty years of instrumental development of the electron microscope" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. 10:215-267 (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.). (578.405 Ad95)

Reisner, J. H. (1989) "An early history of the electron microscope in the United States". Adv. Elec. Elec. Phys. 73:133-231 (621.38 Ad9 Physics library)
General Overview of the Microscope
Slayter (1992) Chap. 1, pp.4-5

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.20-31

Wischnitzer (1981) xvi-xix, Chap. 3, pp.36-37 (xiv-xv,36-37 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 6, pp.107-111 (97-101 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.8,14

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.377-379

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.63-66

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.136-138
Analogy Between Electron and Light Microscopy
Slayter (1992) Chap. 1, pp.4-5

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.20-21

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 3, pp.36-37; Chap. 4, pp.111-112 (36-37,108 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 1, pp.1-38 (1-42 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, p.8

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.377-379
PHOTONS/ELECTRONS: Diffraction/Interference/Coherence/Resolution
Slayter (1992) Chap. 2, pp.7-22; Chap. 4, pp.39-49; Chap. 9, pp.118-130

Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.6-10

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 3, pp.6-15; Appendix A, pp.290-295; Appendix J, pp.316-321 (6-15,206-211,232-237 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 1-2, pp.23-49 (20-45 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.2-9; Chap. 3, pp.96-99

Slayter (1970) Chap. 3, pp.65-71; Chap. 10, pp.233-248; Chap. 16, pp.341-346

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 2, pp.24-31; Chap. 4, pp.97-106,112-118

Hall (1966) Chap. 1, pp.12-18; Chap. 3, pp.55-56; Chap. 7, pp.138-142,154-157; Chap. 9, pp.235-249
OPTICS (Lens Theory)
Slayter (1992) Chap. 2, pp.10-13; Chap. 6, pp.65-73; Appendix, pp.298-301

Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.1-8

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 3, p.19 (19 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 1, pp.1-23 (1-20 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.4-9

Slayter (1970) Chap. 8, pp.153-170,176-185; Chap. 17, pp.364-350

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 2, pp.15-24

Hall (1966) Chap. 1, pp.6-12; Chap. 3, pp.44-57


HANDOUT: Oriel - Geometrical Optics - A very short course.


Most physics textbooks have a chapter on geometrical optics
ELECTRON BEAMS/OPTICS AND MAGNETIC AND ELECTROSTATIC LENSES
Slayter (1992) Chap. 6, pp.73-79

Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.10-19

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 3, pp.15-35 (15-35 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 2, pp.49-54; Chap. 4, pp.75-80; Chap. 6, pp.103-107 (45-49,66-71,93-97 in 1970 ed.)

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.98-99; Chap. 8, pp.277

Slayter (1970) Chap. 3, pp.70-71; Chap. 16-17, pp.349-363

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 2, pp.31-56

Hall (1966) Chap. 2, pp.26-43; Chap. 4-5, pp.58-117; Chap. 7, pp.154-157
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INSTRUMENTATION
General References

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.192-206

Watt (1985) Chap. 1-2, pp.1-31; Appendix 1, pp.228-241; Appendix 4, pp.276-286

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.38-81,102-103; Appendix E, pp.304-306; Appendix N, pp.335-342.

Wischnitzer (1970) Chap. 4, pp.38-81,102-103; Appendix E, pp.220-222

Meek (1976) Chap. 5, pp.97-99; Chap. 6-8, pp.111-191; Chap. 15, pp.354-355.

Meek (1970) Chap. 4, pp.87-88; Chap. 5-7, pp.101-176; Chap. 14, pp.372-373.

Agar (1974) Chap. 1-2, pp.9-82; Chap. 6, pp.168-169,177,186

Slayter (1970) Chap. 9, pp.187-219; Chap. 17-18, pp.363-397

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 2-3, pp.56-92

Hall (1966) Chap. Chap. 1, pp.6-7; Chap. 6-7, pp. pp.118-166
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INSTRUMENTATION (Cont'd)
A. Electron Gun

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.196-199

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, p. 23; Appendix 4, pp.276-286

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.38-46 (38-46 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 6, pp.111-117 (101-106 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.15-21; Chap. 2, pp.42-46

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.379-383

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.66-75

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.145-151
Field Emission Gun Technology
Brock, J. M., Otten, M. T. & Coene, W. M. (1992) "High resolution imaging with a coherent electron source: The field emission gun" Micron 23:149-150.

Brock, J. M., Otten, M. T. & deJong, M. J. C. (1992) "Improved spatial resolution in imaging, diffraction, microanalysis and scanning with a field emission TEM/SEM" Micron 23:151-152.

deJong, M. J. C., Busing, W. M. & Otten, M. T. (1992) "Enhanced information from biological materials through technological improvements in cryo-electron microscopy" Proc. Elect. Miscrosc. Soc. Am. 50:788-789.

Zemlin, F. (1992) "Desired features of cryoelectron microscopy for the electron crystallography of biological material" Ultramicroscopy 46:25-32.

deJong, A. F. & VanDyck, D. (1993) "Ultimate resolution and information in electron microscopy II. The information limit of transmission electron microscopes" Ultramicroscopy 49:66-80.

Delong, A. (1993) "Electron sources for electron microscopes" Microscopy and Analysis 3:17-19.

Otten, M. T. & Coene, W. M. J. (1993) "High-resolution imaging on a field emission TEM" Ultramicroscopy 48:77-91.

Zhou, Z. H. & Chiu, W. (1993) "Prospects for using an IVEM with a FEG for imaging macromolecules towards atomic resolution" Ultramicroscopy 49:407-416.

Zemlin, F. (1994) "Expected contribution of the field-emission gun to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy" Micron 25:223-226.

Rathkey, D. (1995) "Field emission basics: The water bucket analogy" Microscopy Today 95 10:20-21.
B. Condenser Lens

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.199-201

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.23-25

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.46-50,102-103; Appendix E, pp.304-306 (46-50,102-103,220-222 in 1970)

Meek (1976) Chap. 6, pp.117-123 (107-113 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.21-26; Chap. 2, pp.46-50

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.388-391

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.75-78

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.151-154
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INSTRUMENTATION (Cont'd)
C. Lens Aberrations

Slayter (1992) Chap. 6, pp.79-87

Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.2-5,11-17

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.53-59,64-65 (53-59,64-65 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 4, pp.80-89 (71-80 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.9-13

Slayter (1970) Chap. 9, pp.187-219; Chap. 17, pp.363-372

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 2, pp.56-62

Hall (1966) Chap. 6, pp.118-135

D. Objective Lens/Aperture and Specimen Stage

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.201-204

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.25-27

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.50-52,72-75 (50-52,72-75 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 5, pp.97-99; Chap. 6, pp.123-127 (87-88,113-117 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.26-28; Chap. 2, pp.50-67; Chap. 6, pp.168-169

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.391-394

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.78-80

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.158-163

E. Projector Lens

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, p.204

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.27-28

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.62-68 (62-68 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 6, pp.127-133 (117-123 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 2, pp.28-37,69

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.394-395

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.80-81

Hall (1966) Chap. 6-7, pp.132-135,163-166

F. Camera and Viewing System

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.204-206

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.28-29

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.68-71,75 (68-71,75 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 15, pp.354-355 (372-373 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 2, pp.69-72; Chap. 6, p.177

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.396-397

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.82-83

G. Vacuum System

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.192-196

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.29-31; Appendix 1, pp.228-241

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.76-79; Appendix N, pp.335-342 (76-79 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 7, pp.139-166 (129-155 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 2, pp.73-77; Chap. 6, p.186

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.383-387

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.83-91

H. Electrical System

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.80-81 (80-81 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 8, pp.167-191 (156-176 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 2, pp.78-82
CONTRAST AND IMAGE FORMATION
A. Depth of Field/Focus

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, p.235

Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.8-9

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.61-64; Appendix F, pp.307-310 (61-64,223-226 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 4, pp.89-91 (80-82 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.13-14; Chap. 2, p.72

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.413-415

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 4, pp.118-122

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.142-145

B. Elastic/Inelastic Scattering

Slayter (1992) Chap. 8, pp.102-109

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.59-61 (59-61 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 5, pp.94-97 (85-86 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.83-87

Slayter (1970) Chap. 19, pp.421-430

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 4, pp.93-97

Hall (1966) Chap. 8, pp.200-216

C. Phase/Amplitude Contrast/Contrast Transfer Theory

Slayter (1992) Chap. 7, pp.88-94; Chap. 8, pp.95-102,109-117

Watt (1985) Chap. 3, pp.88-91

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.59-61; Appendix J, pp.317-321 (59-61,233-237 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 5, pp.97-101 (88-90 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.87-96,99-110; Chap. 8, pp.277-285

Slayter (1970) Chap. 19, pp.421,431-441

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 4, pp.106-110

Hall (1966) Chap. 9, pp.262-264

Haydon, G. B. & Taylor, D. A. (1966) "The optimal under-focus enhancement of contrast in electron microscopy" J. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 85:305-312.

Erickson, H. P. & Klug, A. (1971) "Measurement and compensation of defocusing and aberrations by fourier processing of electron micrographs" Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 261:105-118.

Hanszen, K. J. (1971) "The optical transfer theory of the electron microscope: fundamental principles and applications" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 4:1-84. (578.405 Ad95)

Thon, F. (1971) "Phase contrast electron microscopy" In Electron Microscopy in Materials Science (U. Valdre, ed.) Academic Press, N. Y. 570-625.

Erickson, H. P. (1973) "The Fourier transform of an electron micrograph: first order and second order theory of image formation" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 5:163-199. (578.405 Ad95)

Johansen, B. V. (1973) "Bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens. I. Obtaining the optimum contribution of phase contrast to image formation" Micron 4:446-472.

Johnson, H. M. (1973) "In-Focus phase contrast electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 3:153-198 (578.4 H323p).

Johnson, D. J. & Crawford, D. (1973) "Defocusing phase contrast effects in electron microscopy" J. Microscopy 98:313-324.

Unwin, P. N. T. (1973) "Phase contrast electron microscopy of biological materials" J. Microscopy 98:299-312.
CONTRAST AND IMAGE FORMATION (Cont'd)
C. Phase/Amplitude Contrast/Contrast Transfer Theory (Cont'd)

Johansen, B. V. (1975) "Bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens. III. Expanded phase contrast information using in situ double exposures with complementary objective apertures" Micron 6:153-163.

Unwin, P. N. T. & Henderson, R. (1975) "Molecular structure determination by electron microscopy of unstained crystalline specimens" J. Mol. Biol. 94:425-440.

Burge, R. E. (1976) "Contrast and image formation of biological specimens" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 6:85-116 (578.4 H323p).

Johansen, B. V. (1977) "High resolution bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens" Ultramicrosc. 2:229-239.

Chiu, W. & Glaeser, R. M. (1978) "Electron exposure-dependent contrast transfer" Proc. Ninth Int'l. Cong. Elec. Microsc. (Toronto) 1:94-95.

Misell, D. L. (1978) "Contrast enhancement by using two electron micrographs" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 8:181-245 (578.4 H323p).

Misell, D. L. (1978) "The phase problem in electron micrscopy" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 7:185-279. (578.405 Ad95)

Zemlin, F. (1978) "Image synthesis from electron micrographs taken at different defocus" Ultramicrosc. 3:261-263.

Cowley, J. M. & Bridges, R. E. (1979) "Phase and amplitude contrast in electron microscopy of stained biological objects" Ultramicrosc. 4:419-427.

Stewart, M. & Vigers, G. (1986) "Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated biological material" Nature (London) 319:631-636.

Toyoshima, C. & Unwin, N. (1988) "Contrast transfer for frozen-hydrated specimens: Determination from pairs of defocused images" Ultramicrosc. 25:279-292.


MICROSCOPE DISTURBANCES AND ALIGNMENT

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, pp.241-242

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.24-25

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.81-95 (81-95 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 6, pp.133-138; Chap. 11, pp.229-233,241-256,276-289

(1970) 123-128,254-258,265-281,298-311

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.98-99; Chap. 8, pp.277

Slayter (1970) Chap. 17, pp.370-372; Chap. 18, pp.387-388,399-402,409-413; Chap. 20, pp.453-459

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 10-11, pp.311-361

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.167-171


OPERATION OF THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

General References

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, pp.238-246

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.100-102 (100-102 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 11-12, pp.221-297 (246-319 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.166-190

Slayter (1970) Chap. 20, pp.458-459

A. Choice of Voltage

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.107-111 (none in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, p.228 (252-253 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.166-167

B. Choice of Apertures

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.73-75 (73-75 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.167-169

C. Specimen Stage

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.25-26

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.72-73 (72-73 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.233-235 (258-261 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.169-171

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.81-82

D. Choice of Magnification

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.235-238 (260-262 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 1, pp.28-30

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.395-396

E. Focusing

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, pp.238-240

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.29-30; Chap. 4, pp.169-172

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.238-241; Chap. 12, pp.271-272,290-296 (263-265,293-294,311-318 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.106-110; Chap. 6, pp.173-177

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.402-409

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 4, pp.106-110

OPERATION OF THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (Continued)

F. Magnification Calibration

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, pp.242-244

Watt (1985) Chap. 3, pp.94-95

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.101-102 (101-102 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 13, pp.317-321 (335-339 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 5, pp.159-165

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.416-417

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 12, pp.362-365

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.347-356

Elbers, P. F. & Pieters, J. (1964) "Accurate determination of magnification in the electron microscope" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 11:25-32.

Bahr, G. F. & Zeitler, E. (1965) "The determination of magnification in the electron microscope. II. Means for the determination of magnification" Lab. Invest. 14, 142-153.

Reisner, J. H. (1965) "The determination of magnification in the electron microscope. I. Instrumental Factors influencing the estimate of magnification" Lab. Invest. 14, 137-141.

Hoskins, G. C., Williams, V., Smith, C. L. & Thornton, W. K. (1967) "A method providing precise reproducibility of magnification of electron micrographs" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 20:1-5.

Luftig, R. (1967) "An accurate measurement of the catalase crystal period and its use as an internal marker for electron microscopy" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 20:91-102.

Skinner, L. M. (1969) "An accurate method for measuring the magnification of an electron microscope" J. Sci. Instrum. 2:206-208.

Brown, L. M. (1978) "Calibration of a commercial electron microscope with a grating replica to an accuracy of better than 1%" J. Microscopy 113:149-160.

Dunn, R. F. (1978) "Calibration of magnification in transmission electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 8:156-180 (578.4 H323p).

Olson, N. & Baker, T. S. (1989) "Magnification calibration and the determination of spherical virus diameters using cryo-microscopy" Ultramicrosc. 30:281-297.

Belnap, D. M., W. D. Grochulski, N. H. Olson, and T. S. Baker (1993) Use of radial density plots to calibrate image magnification for frozen-hydrated specimens. Ultramicrosc. 48:347-358.

G. Resolution Tests

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, p.244

Watt (1985) Chap. 1, pp.16-18

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, p.102 (102 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 13, pp.305-317 (324-335 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 5, pp.142-150

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.417-418

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 12, pp.366-369

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.292-298

OPERATION OF THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (Continued)

H. Image Intensifier/TV Display

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.103-104 (103-104 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 17, pp.404-407 (400-402 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 7, pp.268-270

Hall (1966) Chap. 9, pp.275-277

Reynolds, G. T. (1968) "Image intensification applied to microscope systems" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 2:1-40. (578.405 Ad95)

Hart, R. G. & Yoshiyama, J. M. (1975) "Electron microscopy with reduced beam damage to the specimen: A retractable image intensifier" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 51:40-45.

Herrmann, K. H., Krahl, D. & Rust, H. P. (1978) "A TV system for image recording and processing in conventional transmission electron microscopy" Ultramicrosc. 3:227-235.

Herrmann, K.-H., Krahl, D. & Rust, H.-P. (1980) "Low-dose image recording by TV techniques" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.186-193.

I. Microscope Maintenance

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.95-96 (95-96 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 15, pp.343-364 (361-382 in 1970 edition)

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 3, pp.91-92

J. Photography

Slayter (1992) Chap. 19, pp.286-297

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.28-29; Chap. 4, pp.181-183

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.100-101 (100-101 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.242-243; Chap. 14, pp.325-342 (267-268,343-360 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 7, pp.191-276 (This is a good, comprehensive description)

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.396-397; Chap. 21, pp.460-479

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 5, pp.129-137

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.171-176

Valentine, R. C. (1966) "The response of photographic emulsions to electrons" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 1:180-202. (578.405 Ad95)

Farnell, G. C. & Flint, R. B. (1973) "The response of photographic materials to electrons with particular reference to electron micrography" J. Microscopy 97:271-291.

Farnell, G. C. & Flint, R. B. (1975) "Photographic aspects of electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 5:19-61 (578.4 H323p).

OTHER MODES OF TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OPERATION

A. Electron Diffraction

Watt (1985) Chap. 4, pp.117-131

Wischnitzer (1981) Appendix K, pp.322-327 (239-243 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.259-264 (284-289 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.110-114

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.398-399

Hall (1966) Chap. 8, pp.223-229

Ferrier, R. P. & Murray, R. T. (1966) "Low-angle electron diffraction" J. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 85:323-335.

Murray, R. T. & Ferrier, R. P. (1968) "Biological applications of electron diffraction" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 21:361-377.

Ferrier, R. P. (1969) "Small angle electron diffraction in the electron microscope" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 3:155-218. (578.405 Ad95)

Glaeser, R. M. & Thomas, G. (1969) "Application of electron diffraction to biological electron microscopy" Biophys. J. 9:1073-1099.

Beeston, B. E. P. (1973) "An introduction to electron diffraction" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 1:193-323. (502.8 P881)

Uyeda, R. (1974) "Electron diffraction in Japan past and present" J. Appl. Cryst. 7:1-18.

Hui, S. W. (1977) "Electron diffraction studies of membranes" Biochim. Biophys. Acta 472:345-371.

Hui, S. W. & Parsons, D. F. (1978) "Electron microscopy and electron diffraction studies on hydrated membranes" In Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy 2:213-235.

Vainshtein, B. K. (1981) "Electron diffraction" Section 4.8 in Modern Crystallography I. Symmetry of Crystals, Methods of Structural Crystallography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Misell, D. L. & Brown, E. B. (1987) "Electron diffraction: An introduction for biologists" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 12:1-287. (502.8 P881)

Chiu, W., Schmidt, M. F. & Prasad, B. V. V. (1993) "Teaching electron diffraction and imaging of macromolecules" Biophys. J. 64:1610-1625.

B. Dark Field

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.207-208; Chap. 17, pp.260-264

Watt (1985) Chap. 4, pp.125-131

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.257-258 (281-284 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 3, pp.114-122

Slayter (1970) Chap. 19, p.447

Hall (1966) Chap. 9, pp.254-257

Dubochet, J. (1973) "High resolution dark-field electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 3:113-151 (578.4 H323p).

Brackenhoff, G. J. (1974) "Relative mass determination in dark-field electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 4:16-44 (578.4 H323p).

OTHER MODES OF TEM OPERATION (Continued)

C. High Resolution

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.37-38

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 13, pp.189-195 (185-191 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 17, pp.393-397 (none in 1970 edition)

Slayter (1970) Chap. 20, pp.451-459

Cowley, J. M. (1976) "Principles of high resolution electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 6:40-84 (578.4 H323p).

Burge, R. E., Dainty, J. C. & Scott, R. F. (1977) "Optical and digital image processing in high-resolution electron microscopy" Ultramicrosc. 2:169-178.

Herrmann, K. H. (1978) "The present state of instrumentation in high resolution electron microscopy" J. Phys. E.:Sci. Instrum. 11:1076-1091.

Stobbs, N. M. & Smith, D. J. (1979) "High resolution imaging of amorphous materials" Nature (London) 281:54-55.

Gaskell, P. H. & Smith, D. J. (1980) "Investigation of the structures of amorphous and partially crystalline metallic alloys by high resolution electron microscopy" J. Microscopy 119:63-72.

Howitt, D. G. (1980) "High-resolution lattice imaging in radiation sensitive materials" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 70:181-185.

Smith, D. J., Saxton, W. O., Cleaver, J. R. A. & Catto, C. J. D. (1980) "The observation of amorphous materials at high voltage and high resolution" J. Microscopy 119:19-28.

Hines, R. L. (1984) "Practical problems in high-resolution electron microscopy" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 9:180-222. (578.405 Ad95)

D. Tilting and Stereo Microscopy

Watt (1985) Chap. 4, pp.134-145,157,161-162

Meek (1976) Chap. 11, pp.265-270 (289-292,393-395 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.177-180

Weibel, E. R. & Bolender, R. P. (1973) "Stereological techniques for electron microscopic morphometry" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 3:237-296 (578.4 H323p).

Gahm, J. (1973) "Instruments for stereometric analysis with the microscope: Their application and accuracy of measurement" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 5:115-161. (578.405 Ad95)

Lange, R. H. (1976) "Tilting experiments in the electron microscope" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 6:241-270 (578.4 H323p).

James, N. T. (1977) "Stereology" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.9-28. (578.4 An13)

E. Low Temperature

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, p.186

Bullivant, S. (1970) "Present status of freezing techniques" In "Some Biological Techniques in Electron Microscopy" (D. F. Parsons, ed.) Academic Press pp.101-146.

Hawkes, P. W. & Valdre, U. (1977) "Superconductivity and electron microscopy" J. Phys. E.:Sci. Instrum. 10:309-328.

Sjostrom, M. & Squire, J. M. (1977) "Cryo-ultramicrotomy and myofibrillar fine structure: A review" J. Microscopy 111:239-278.

Glaeser, R. M. & Taylor, K. A. (1978) "Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: A review" J. Microscopy 112:127-138.

OTHER MODES OF TEM OPERATION (Continued)

E. Low Temperature (Continued)

Robarts, A. W. & Sletyr, U. B. (1985) "Low temperature methods in electron microscopy. Prac. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 10:1-551. (502.8 P881)

Roos, N. & Morgan, A. J. (1990) In.Cryopreparation of Thin Biological Specimens for Electron Microscopy: Methods and Applications, Oxford Univ. Press, Royal Microscopical Society.

F. Energy Loss

Watt (1985) Appendix 3, pp.275-276

Agar (1974) Chap. 9, pp.316-319

Hall (1966) Chap. 8, pp.229-234

Metherell, A. J. F. (1971) "Energy analyzing and energy selecting electron microscopes" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 4:263-360. (578.405 Ad95)

Ferrier, R. P. (1977) "Microanalysis of biological material using energy loss spectrometry" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.193-211. (578.4 An13)

Joy, D. C. (1979) "The basic principles of electron energy loss spectroscopy" In Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy, (J. J. Hren, J. I. Goldstein & J. C. Joy, eds.), Plenum Press, N. Y. pp.223-244.

Colliex, C. (1984) "Electron energy loss spectroscopy in the electron microscope" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 9:65-177. (578.405 Ad95)

Hezel, U. B. (1988) "Electron spectroscopy for imaging and analysis in the transmission electron microscope" Amer. Lab. 20(9):51-56. (502.8 Am35)

G. X-ray Microanalysis

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.208-209

Watt (1985) Appendix 3, pp.249-274

Meek (1976) Chap. 17, pp.389-393 (396-400 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 9, pp.313-316

Appleton, T. C. (1977) "The use of ultrthin frozen sections for x-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.247-268. (578.4 An13)

Chandler, J. A. (1977) "X-ray microanalysis in the electron microscope" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 5:320-518. (502.8 P881)

Chandler, J. A. (1977) "Wavelength dispersive x-ray microanalysis in biological research" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.227-245. (578.4 An13)

Hutchinson, T. E. (1977) "Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.213-226. (578.4 An13)

Freeman, R., Griffiths, G. W., Jones, A. V. & Leonard, K. R. (1978) "Scanning transmission electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis of unstained biological thin sections" Proc. Ninth Int'l. Cong. Elec. Microsc. (Toronto) 2:110-111.

Electron Probe Microanalysis in Biology (1978) D. A. Erasmus (ed.). Contributed chapters on various aspects of x-ray microanalysis in electron microscopy. (578.4 EL252)

OTHER MODES OF TEM OPERATION (Continued)

G. X-ray Microanalysis (Continued)

Basic Methods in Biological X-ray Microanalysis (1983) G. M. Roomans & J. D. Shelburne (eds.). Selected articles reprinted from Scanning Electron Microscopy, vols. 1978-1982. (578.45 B292)

A. L. Morgan, (1985) In X-ray Microanalysis in Electron Microscopy for Biologists, Oxford University Press. (578.45 M821X)

OTHER TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

A. High Voltage

Slayter (1992) Chap. 14, pp.210-211

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.33-36; Chap. 4, pp.122; Appendix 4, pp.282-283

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.107-111 (107-111 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 16, pp.365-375 (387-390 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.186-187; Chap. 9, pp.301-313

Slayter (1970) Chap. 19, pp.444-445

Dupouy, G. (1968) "Electron microscopy at very high voltages" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 2:167-250. (578.405 Ad95)

Parsons, D. F. (1972) "Beam efficiency, inelastic scatter, and radiation damage in the high-voltage microscope" J. Appl. Phys. 43:2885-2890.

Hama, K. (1973) "High voltage electron microscopy" Adv. Tech. Biol. Elec. Microsc. (J. K. Koehler, ed.) 1:275-297.

Cosslett, V. E. (1974) "Perspectives in high voltage electron microscopy" Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 338:1-16.

Glauert, A. M. (1974) "The high voltage electron microscope in biology" J. Cell Biol. 63:717-748.

Humphreys, C. (1976) "High voltage electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 6:1-39 (578.4 H323p).

Dupouy, G. (1977) "Advantages of megavolt electron microscopy in biological research" Ultramicrosc. 2:199-203.

Kawata, S., Ichioka, Y. & Suzuki, T. (1979) "Man-machine interactive image processing of high voltage electron micrograph images" Optik 52:235-246.

Smith, D. J., Saxton, W. O., Cleaver, J. R. A. & Catto, C. J. D. (1980) "The observation of amorphous materials at high voltage and high resolution" J. Microscopy 119:19-28.

Fotino, M. (1981) "Experimental studies on resolution in high voltage transmission electron microscopy" Elec. Microsc. in Biol. (J. D. Griffith, ed.) 1:89-138.

Hagemann, P. N. (1983) "Electron microscopy and analysis at higher voltages: The Philips EM430 300kV microscope" Elec. Opt. Reporter 30:31-49.

Schmid, M. F., Jakana, J., Matsudaira, P. & Chiu, W. (1993) "Imaging frozen, hydrated acrosomal bundle from limulus sperm at 7 Å resolution with a 400kV electron cryomicroscope" J. Mol. Biol. 230:384-386.

Zhou, Z. H & Chiu, W. (1993) "Prospects for using an IVEM with a FEG for imaging macromolecules towards atomic resolution" Ultramicrosc. 49:407-416.

OTHER TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPES (Continued)

B. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Slayter (1992) Chap. 15, pp.212-221

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.21,39-70; Chap. 3, pp.101-116,131-133

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.105-107; Chap. 14-21, pp.213-259 (105-107 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 3, p.67; Chap. 17, pp.384-389 (56-60 in 1970 edition)

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.195-197

Hayes, T. L. (1973) "Scanning electron microscope techniques in biology" Adv. Tech. Biol. Elec. Microsc. (J. K. Koehler, ed.) 1:153-214.

Black, J. T. (1974) "The scanning electron microscope" Princ. Tech. Scan. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 1:1-43.

Crang, R. F. E. (1988) "Artifacts in specimen preparation for scanning electron microscopy", Chapter 6 in Artifacts in Biological Electron Microscopy. (R. F. Crang & K. L. Klomparens, eds.). Plenum Press, N.Y.

Flegler, S. L. (1988) "Artifacts in scanning electron microscope operation", Chapter 8 in Artifacts in Biological Electron Microscopy. (R. F. Crang & K. L. Klomparens, eds.). Plenum Press, N.Y.

Robinson, D. G., Ehlers, U., Herken, R., Hermann, B., Mayer, F., & Schurmann, F.-W. (1987) "Methods for SEM", Chapter 3 in Methods of Preparation for Electron Microscopy: An Introduction for the Biomedical Sciences, Springer-Verlag, New York.

C. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)

Slayter (1992) Chap. 15, pp.221-227

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, pp.70-76; Chap. 4, pp.133-134

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 19, p.253 (none in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 3, p.67; Chap. 17, pp.376-384 (65 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 9, pp.320-326

Crewe, A. V. (1974) "Scanning transmission electron microscopy" J. Microscopy 100:247-259.

Elder, H. Y. (1977) "The potential of the scanning transmission electron microscope in biology" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.159-169.

Burge, R. E. (1977) "Scanning transmission electron microscopy at high resolution" In Analytical and Quantitative Methods in Microscopy, (G. A. Meek & H. Y. Elder, eds.), Camb. Univ. Press, Camb. pp.171-191.

Crewe, A. V. (1978) "Is there a future for the STEM?" Proc. Ninth Int'l. Cong. Elec. Microsc. (Toronto) 3:197-204.

D. Electrostatic Electron Microscope

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, p.105 (105 in 1970 edition)

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.180-182

E. Field Emission/Emission/Ion/Shadow/Reflection/Mirror EM

Slayter (1992) Chap. 18, pp.270-271

Watt (1985) Chap. 2, p. 73; Chap. 4, pp.183-187; Appendix 4, pp.283-286

Meek (1976) Chap. 3, pp.69-74 (60-65 in 1970 edition)

Hall (1966) Chap. 7, pp.182-199

Brandon, D. G. (1968) "Field ion microscopy" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 2:343-404.

Bok, A. B., le Poole, J. B., Roos, J., de Lang, H., Bethge, H., Heydenreich, J. & Barnett, M. E. (1971) "Mirror electron microscopy" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 4:161-261.

Hibi, T. & Yada, K. (1976) "Electron interference microscope" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. Biol. Applic. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 6:312-343).

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES

A. Specimen Support Films for TEM

Watt (1985) Chap. 3, p. 84

Meek (1976) Chap. 13, pp.298-309 (320-327,467-471 in 1970 edition)

Slayter (1970) Chap. 18, pp.391-393; Chap. 19, pp.441-444

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 9, pp.294-297

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.283-288

Harris, W. J. (1962) "Holey films for electron microscopy" Nature 196:499-500.

Fukami, A. & Adachi, K. (1965) "A new method of preparation of a self-perforated micro plastic grid and its application" J. Elec. Microsc. 14:112-118.

Hayat, M. A. (1970) "Fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining and support films" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 1:323-332.

Elsner, P. R. (1971) "A simple, reliable method for preparing perforated formvar films" Elec. Microsc. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:460-461.

Johnston, H. S. & Reid, O. (1971) "An improved method for preparing perforated carbon films for electron microscopy using ultrasonic vibration" J. Microscopy 94:283-286.

Williams, R. C. & Glaeser, R. M. (1972) "Ultrathin carbon support films for electron microscopy" Science 175:1000-1001.

Oliver, R. M. (1973) "Negative stain electron microscopy of protein macromolecules" Methods in Enzym. 27:639-665.

Taylor, K. A. & Glaeser, R. M. (1973) "Hydrophilic support films of controlled thickness and composition" Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44:1546-1547.

Johansen, B. V. (1974) "Bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens. II. Preparation of ultra-thin carbon support films" Micron 5:209-221.

Johansen, B. V. (1975) "Bright field electron microscopy of biological specimens. IV. Ultrasonic exfoliated graphite as 'low-noise' support films" Micron 6:165-173.

Pease, D. C. (1975) "Micronets for electron microscopy" Micron 6:85-92.

Baumeister, W. & Seredynski, J. (1976) "Preparation of perforated films with predeterminable hole size distributions" Micron 7:49-54.

Gannon, J. R. & Tilley, R. J. D. (1976) "A technique for preparing holey carbon films for high resolution electron microscopy" J. Microscopy 106:59-61.

Iijima, S. (1977) "Thin graphite support films for high resolution electron microscopy" Micron 8:41-46.

Reichelt, R., Konig, T. & Wangermann, G. (1977) "Preparation of micro-grids as specimen supports for high resolution electron microscopy" Micron 8:29-31.

Tanaka, N. & Mihama, K. (1977) "Observations of ferritin particles by using BeO supporting films" J. Elec. Microsc. 26:75-85.

Dorignac, D., Maclachlan, M. E. C. & Jouffrey, B. (1979) "Low-noise boron supports for high resolution electron microscopy" Ultramicrosc. 4:85-89.

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES (Continued)

A. Specimen Support Films for TEM (Continued)

Formanek, H. (1979) "Preparation of hydrophilic, single crystalline supports of graphite oxide" Ultramicrosc. 4:227-232.

Handley, D. A. & Olsen, B. R. (1979) "Butvar B-98 as a thin support film" Ultramicrosc. 4:479-480.

Smith, P. R. (1979) "A trough designed to facilitate the coating of electron microscope grids" Sci. Tools 26:51-52.

Uchida, Y., Lehmpfuhl, G., Weiss, K. & Zemlin, F. (1980) "Investigations with MgO single crystal specimen supports for electron microscopy" Seventh Europ. Reg. Conf.Elec. Microsc. (The Hague) 2:674-675.

Davison, E. & Colquhoun, W. (1985) "Ultrathin formvar support films for transmission electron microscopy" J. Elec. Microsc. Tech. 2:35-43.

Hayat, M. A. (1986) In Basic Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Academic Press, Inc., N. Y., pp.265-284.

B. Thin-sectioning (Fixation/Dehydration/Embedding/Staining)

Watt (1985) Chap. 3, pp.87-88; Chap. 4, pp.149-154; Chap. 5, pp.216-218

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 7-12, pp.120-171 (116-167 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 18, pp.413-472 (406-463 in 1970 edition)

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 6-7, pp.138-187; Chap. 9, pp.222-303

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.337-346

Hayat, M. A. (1970) "Fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining and support films" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 1:3-412.

Hayat, M. A. (1972) In Basic Electron Microscopy Techniques, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N. Y., pp 1-119). Recipies for fixation, embedding, sectioning,and staining.

Luft, J. H. (1973) "Embedding Media - Old and new" In Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy 1:1-34.

Glauert, A. M. (1975) "Fixation, dehydration and embedding of biological specimens" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 3:1-207.

Hayat, M. A. (1975) In Positive Staining for Electron Microscopy, Van NostrandReinhold Co., N. Y., pp 1-340.

Reid, N. (1975) "Ultramicrotomy" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 3:213-353.

Lewis, P. R. & Knight, D. P. (1977) "Staining methods for sectioned material" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 5:1-311.

Knobler, R. L., Stempak, J. G. and Laurenicin, M. (1978) "Preparation and analysis of serial sections in electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A.Hayat, ed.) 8:113-155.

Hayat, M. A. (1986) In Basic Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Academic Press, Inc., N. Y.

Sjostrand, F. S. (1989) "Common sense in electron microscopy: about osmium fixation" J. Ultrastruc. Mol. Struc. 102:1-8.

Reid, N. & Beesley, J. E. (1991) "Sectioning and cryosectioning for electron microscopy" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 13:1-322.

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES (Continued)

C. Negative Staining

Watt (1985) Chap. 4, pp.165,167; Chap. 5, pp.200-201

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 12, pp.171-173; Chap. 13, pp.203-204 (167-169, 199-200 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 15, pp.474-476 (465-467 in 1970 edition)

Slayter (1970) Chap. 19, p.431

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 9, pp.303-308

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.333-337,356-360

Valentine, R. C. & Horne, R. W. (1962) "An assessment of negative staining techniques for revealing ultrastructure" In The Interpretation of Ultrastructure, Symp. Int'l.Soc. Cell Biol. Vol. 1 (R. J. C. Harris, ed.) Academic Press, N. Y. 263-278.

Horne, R. W. & Wildy, P. (1963) "Virus structure revealed by negative staining" Adv. Vir. Res. 10:101-170.

Glauert, A. M. (1965) "Factors influencing the appearance of biological specimens innegatively stained preparations" Lab. Invest. 14:331-341.

Horne, R. W. (1967) "Electron microscopy of isolated virus particles and their components" Methods in Virol. 3:521-574.

Bruskov, V. I. (1968) "Some problems of negative staining in electron microscopy of biological objects" Mol. Biol. 2:545-549.

Haschemeyer, R. H. (1970) "Electron microscopy of enzymes" Adv. Enzym. 33:71-118.

Haschemeyer, R. H. & Myers, R. J. (1970) "Negative staining" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 2:99-147.

Oliver, R. M. (1973) "Negative stain electron microscopy of protein macromolecules" Methods in Enzym. 27:616-672.

Haschemeyer, R. H. & de Harven, E. (1974) "Electron microscopy of enzymes" Ann. Rev. Biochem. 43:279-301.

Horne, R. W. (1973) "Contrast and resolution from biological objects examined in the electron microscope with particular reference to negatively stained specimens" J. Microscopy 98:286-298.

Munn, E. A. (1974) "The application of the negative staining technique to the study of membranes" Methods in Enzym. 32:20-35.

Horne, R. W. (1975) "Recent advances in the application of negative staining techniques to the study of virus particles examined in the electron microscope" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 6:227-274.

Horne, R. W. & Wildy, P. (1979) "An historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining technique to the electron microscopy of viruses" J. Microscopy 117:103-122.

Hayat, M. A. (1986) In Basic Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Academic Press, Inc., N. Y. pp.232-264.

Hayat, M. A. & Miller, S. E. (1990) In Negative Staining, McGraw Hill Pub. Co., N. Y.

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES (Continued)

D. Metal Shadowing

Watt (1985) Chap. 3, pp.84-87,91-95; Appendix 2, pp.241-247

Wischnitzer (1981) Appendix L, pp.328-331 (244-247 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 15, pp.476-482 (471-477 in 1970 edition)

Slayter (1970) Chap. 19, pp.430-431,434

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.298-309

Abermann, R., Salpeter, M. M. & Bachmann, L. (1972) "High resolution shadowing" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 3:195-217.

Henderson, W. J. & Griffiths, K. (1972) "Shadow casting and replication" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 3:149-193.

Slayter, H. S. (1976) "High-resolution metal replication of macromolecules" Ultramicrosc. 1:341-357.

Kistler, J., Aebi, U. & Kellenberger, E. (1977) "Freeze-drying and shadowing a two-dimensional periodic specimen" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 59:76-86.

Smith, P. R. & Kistler, J. (1977) "Surface reliefs computed from micrographs of heavy metal-shadowed specimens" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 61:124-133.

Neugebauer, D. C. & Zingsheim, H. P. (1978) "The two faces of the purple membrane: Structural differences revealed by metal decoration" J. Mol. Biol. 123:235-246.

Smith, P. R. & Ivanov, I. E. (1980) "Surface reliefs computed from micrographs of isolated heavy metal shadowed particles" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 71:25-36.

Tyler, J. M. & Branton, D. (1980) "Rotary shadowing of extended molecules dried from glycerol" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 71:95-102.

Baumeister, W., Kubler, O. & Zingsheim, H. P. (1981) "The structure of the cell envelope of micrococcus radiodurans as revealed by metal shadowing and decoration" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 75:60-71.

Fowler, W. E. & Aebi, U. (1983) "Preparation of single molecules and supramolecular complexes for high-resolution metal shadowing" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 83:319-334.

Schmiady, H., Kreuzfeldt, C., Reuber, E. & Tesche, B. (1983) "Negative staining versus rotational evaporation" Elec. Microsc. Soc. Amer. Proc. 41:598-599.

E. Unstained Specimens

1. Unstained Specimens (Room Temperature)

Hart, R. G. (1968) "Electron microscopy of unstained biological material: The polytropic montage" Science 159:1464-1467.

Parsons, D. F. (1970) "Problems in high resolution electron microscopy of biological materials in their natural state" In Some Biological Techniques in Electron Microscopy (D. F. Parsons, ed.) Academic Press, pp.1-68.

Matricardi, V. R., Moretz, R. C. & Parsons, D. F. (1972) "Electron diffraction of wet proteins: catalase" Science 177:268-270.

Joy, R. T. (1973) "The electron microscopical observation of aqueous biological specimens" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 5:297-352.

Ottensmeyer, F. P. & Pear, M. (1975) "Contrast in unstained sections: A comparison of bright and dark field electron microscopy" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 51:253-259.

Unwin, P. N. T. & Henderson, R. (1975) "Molecular structure determination by electron microscopy of unstained crystalline specimens" J. Mol. Biol. 94:425-440.

Hui, S. W. & Parsons, D. F. (1978) "Electron microscopy and electron diffraction studies on hydrated membranes" In Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy 2:213-235.

Jones, A. V. & Leonard, K. R. (1978) "Scanning transmission electron microscopy of unstained biological sections" Nature 271:659-660.

Ottensmeyer, F. P., Bazett-Jones, D. P., Hewitt, J. & Price, G. B. (1978) "Structure analysis of small proteins by electron microscopy: valinomycin, bacitracin and low molecular weight cell growth stimulators" Ultramicrosc. 3:303-313.

Engel, A. & Meyer, J. (1980) "Preparation of unstained protein structures for mass determination by electron scattering" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 72:212-222.

Kuhlbrandt, W. (1982) "Discrimination of protein and nucleic acids by electron microscopy using contrast variation" Ultramicrosc. 7:221-232.

Akey, C. W. & Edelstein, S. J. (1983) "Equivalence of the projected structure of thin catalase crystals preserved for electron microscopy by negative stain, glucose or embedding in the presence of tannic acid" J. Mol. Biol. 163:575-612.

Cohen, H. A., Jeng, T.-W., Grant, R. A. & Chiu, W. (1984) "Specimen preparative methods for electron crystallography of soluble proteins" Ultramicrosc. 13:19-26.

2. Unstained Specimens (Frozen-Hydrated)

Taylor, K. A. & Glaeser, R. M. (1974) "Electron diffraction of frozen, hydrated protein crystals" Science 186:1036-1037.

Taylor, K. A. & Glaeser, R. M. (1976) "Electron microscopy of frozen hydrated biological specimens" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 55:448-456.

Taylor, K. A. (1978) "Structure determination of frozen, hydrated, crystalline biological specimens" J. Microscopy 112:115-125.

Hayward, S. B. & Glaeser, R. M. (1980) "Use of low temperatures for electron diffraction and imaging of biological macromolecular arrays" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.226-233.

Knapek, E. & Dubochet, J. (1980) "Beam damage to organic material is considerably reduced in cryo-electron microscopy" J. Mol. Biol. 141:147-161.

Dubochet, J., Lepault, J., Freeman, R., Berriman, J. A. & Homo, J.-C. (1982) "Electron microscopy of frozen water and aqueous solutions" J. Microscopy 128:219-237.

Hax, W. M. A. & Lichtenegger, S. (1982) "Transfer, observation and analysis of frozen hydrated specimens" J. Microscopy 126:275-284.

Lepault, J., Booy, F. P. & Dubochet, J. (1983) "Electron microscopy of frozen biological specimens" J. Microscopy 129:89-102.

McDowall, A. W., Chang, J.-J., Freeman, R., Lepault, J., Walter, C. A. & Dubochet, J. (1983) "Electron microscopy of frozen hydrated sections of vitreous ice and vitrified biological samples" J. Microsc. 131:1-9.

Adrian, M., Dubochet, J., Lepault, J. & McDowall, A. W. (1984) "Cryo-electron microscopy of viruses" Nature 308:32-36.

Jaffe, J. S. & Glaeser, R. M. (1984) "Preparation of frozen-hydrated specimens for high resolution electron microscopy" Ultramicrosc. 13:373-378.

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES (Continued)

2. Unstained Specimens (Frozen-Hydrated) (Continued)

Milligan, R. A., Brisson, A. & Unwin, P. N. T. (1984) "Molecular structure determination of crystalline specimens in frozen aqueous solutions" Ultramicrosc. 13:1-10.

Dubochet, J., Adrian, M., Lepault, J. & McDowall, A. W. (1985) "Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified biological specimens" Trends in Biochem. Sci 10:143-146.

Lepault, J. & Leonard, K. (1985) "Three-dimensional structure of unstained, frozen-hydrated extended tails of bacteriophage T4" J. Mol. Biol. 182:431-441.

Chiu, W. (1986) "Electron microscopy of frozen, hydrated biological specimens" Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 15:237-257.

Lepault, J. & Dubochet, J. (1986) "Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated specimens: preparation and characteristics" Meth. Enzym. 127:719-730.

Stewart, M. & Vigers, G. (1986) "Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated biological material" Nature 319:631-636.

Henderson, R., Baldwin, J. M., Downing, K. H., Lepault, J. & Zemlin, F. (1986) "Structure of purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium:: Recording, measurement and evaluation of electron micrographs at 3.5Å resolution" Ultramicrosc. 19:147-178.

Kellenberger, E. (1987) "The response of biological macromolecules and supramolecular structures to the physics of cryo-specimen preparation" in Cryotechniques in Biological Electron Microscopy, (R. A. Steinbrecht & K. Zierold, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp.35-63.

Dubochet, J., Adrian, M., Chang, J. -J., Homo, J. -C., Lepault, J., McDowall, A. W. & Schultz, P. (1988) "Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens" Quat. Rev. Biophys. 21:129-228.

Stewart, M. (1989) "Topical minireview. Transmission electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated biological material" Elec. Microsc. Rev. 2:117-121.

F. Freeze Drying/Etching/Fracture

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, pp.231-232

Watt (1985) Chap. 4, pp.157-158,160-164

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 13, pp.200-201 (196-197 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 15, pp.484-485 (479-480 in 1970 edition)

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 8, pp.188-221

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.371-376

Bullivant, S. (1970) "Present status of freezing techniques" In Some Biological Techniques in Electron Microscopy (D. F. Parsons, ed.) Academic Press pp.101-146.

Koehler, J. K. (1972) "The freeze-etching technique" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 2:51-98 (578.4 H323p).

Rebhun, L. I. (1972) "Freeze-substitution and freeze-drying" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 2:1-49 (578.4 H323p).

Bullivant, S. (1973) "Freeze-etching and freeze-fracturing" In Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy (J. K. Koehler, ed.) 1:67-112.

Costello, M. J. & Gulik-Krzywicki, T. (1976) "Correlated X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture studies on membrane model systems: Perturbation induced by freeze-fracture preparative procedures" Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455:412-432.

Branton, D. & Kirchanski, S. (1977) "Interpreting the results of freeze-etching" J. Microscopy 111:117-124.

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES (Continued)

F. Freeze Drying/Etching/Fracture (Continued)

Kistler, J., Aebi, U. & Kellenberger, E. (1977) "Freeze-drying and shadowing a two-dimensional periodic specimen" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 59:76-86.

Kistler, J. & Kellenberger, E. (1977) "Collapse phenomena in freeze-drying" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 59:70-75.

Margaritis, L. H., Elgsaeter, A. & Branton, D. (1977) "Rotary replication for freeze-etching" J. Cell Biol. 72:47-56.

Nermut, M. V. (1977) "Freeze-drying for electron microscopy" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 7:79-117 (578.4 H323p).

Sleytr, U. B. & Robards, A. W. (1977) "Plastic deformation during freeze-cleavage: A review" J. Microscopy 110:1-25.

Sleytr, U. B. & Robards, A. W. (1977) "Freeze-fracturing: A review of methods and results" J. Microscopy 111:77-100.

Stolinski, C. (1977) "Freeze-fracture replication in biological research: Development, current practice and future prospects" Micron 8:87-111.

Gross, H., Bas, E. & Moor, H. (1978) "Freeze-fracturing in ultrahigh vacuum at -196_C" J. Cell Biol. 76:712-728.

Sjostrand, F. S. (1979) "The interpretation of pictures of freeze-fractured biological material" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 69:378-420.

Gross, H. (1980) "Ultrahigh vacuum freeze-fracturing at -196_C and decoration of specific sites of paracrystalline membranes" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.71-80.

Lepault, J. & Dubochet, J. (1980) "Freezing, fracturing, and etching artifacts in particulate suspensions" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 72:223-233.

Smith, P. R. (1980) "Freeze-drying specimens for electron microscopy" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 72:380-384.

Willison, J. H. M. & Rowe, A. J. (1980) "Replica, shadowing and freeze-etching techniques" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 8:1-282.

Studer, D., Moor, H. & Gross, H. (1981) "Single bacteriorhodopsin molecules revealed on both surfaces of freeze-dried and heavy metal-decorated purple membranes" J. Cell Biol. 90:153-159.

Wildhaber, I., Gross, H. & Moor, H. (1982) "The control of freeze-drying with deuterium oxide" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 80:367-373.

Miller, K. R., Prescott, C. S., Jacobs, T. L. & Lassignal, N. L. (1983) "Artifacts associated with quick-freezing and freeze-drying" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 82:123-133.

Robarts, A. W. & Sleytr, U. B. (1985) "Low temperature methods in biological electron microscopy" Pract. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 10:1-527.

SPECIMEN PREPARATION TECHNIQUES (Continued)

G. Autoradiography

Slayter (1992) Chap. 16, pp.233-234

Watt (1985) Chap. 4, pp.165-166,168

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 13, pp.186-189 (182-185 in 1970 edition)

Sjostrand (1967) Chap. 17, pp.413-435

Hall (1966) Chap. 10, pp.337


Meek does not discuss autoradiography. AT LEAST read Wischnitzer.

Granboulan, N. (1967) "Autoradiographic methods for electron microscopy" Meth. Virol. 3:617-637.

Pelc, S. R. & Welton, M. G. E. (1968) "Autoradiography and the photographic process" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 2:151-166.

Williams, M. A. (1969) "The assessment of electron microscopic autoradiographs" Adv. Opt. Elec. Microsc. (R. Barer & V. E. Cosslett, eds.) 3:219-272.

Salpeter, M. M. & Bachmann, L. (1972) "Autoradiography" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 2:221-278.

Salpeter, M. M. & McHenry, F. A. (1973) "Electron microscope autoradiography" In Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy 1:113-152.

Maraldi, N. M. (1976) "Electron autoradiography of free specimens" Princ. Tech. Elec. Micros. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 6:271-289.

Gleuskens, M. (1977) "Autoradiographic localization of DNA in nonmetabolic conditions" Princ. Tech. Elec. Microsc. (M. A. Hayat, ed.) 7:163-201.

Williams, M. A. (1977) "Autoradiography and immunocytochemistry" Prac. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 6, Part I.

Williams, M. A. (1977) "Quantitative methods in electron microscopy" Prac. Meth. Elec. Microsc. (A. M. Glauert, ed.) 6, Part II.

Baker, J. R. J. (1989) "Autoradiography: A comprehensive overview" Roy. Microsc. Soc. Microsc. Handbooks 18:1-110.

RADIATION EFFECTS

Slayter (1992) Chap. 17, pp.247-250

Wischnitzer (1981) Chap. 4, pp.96-100 (96-100 in 1970 edition)

Meek (1976) Chap. 16, p.367 (387-388 in 1970 edition)

Agar (1974) Chap. 6, pp.181-186; Chap. 8, p.294

Hall (1966) Chap. 9, pp.267-275

Most general texts tend to ignore problems associated with radiation induced specimen damage. Consequently, read AT LEAST ONE of the articles marked with the "&".

Hillier, J., Mudd, S., Smith, A. G. & Beutner, E. H. (1950) "The 'fixation' of electron microscopic specimens by the electron beam" J. Bact. 60:641-654.

Bahr, G. F., Johnson, F. B. & Zeitler, E. (1965) "The elementary composition of organic objects after electron irradiation" Lab. Invest. 14:377-395.

Stenn, K. & Bahr, G. F. (1970) "Specimen damage caused by the beam of the transmission electron microscope, a correlative reconsideration" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 31:526-550.

Williams, R. C. & Fisher, H. W. (1970) "Electron microscopy of tobacco mosaic virus under conditions of minimal beam exposure" J. Mol. Biol. 52:121-123.

Glaeser, R. M. (1971) "Limitations to significant information in biological electron microscopy as a result of radiation damage" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 36:466-482.

Thach, R. E. & Thach, S. S. (1971) "Damage to biological samples caused by the electron beam during electron microscopy" Biophys. J. 11:204-210.

Isaacson, M., Johnson, D. & Crewe, A. V. (1973) "Electron beam excitation and damage of biological molecules; its implications for specimen damage in electron microscopy" Rad. Res. 55:205-224.

Unwin, P. N. T. (1974) "Electron microscopy of the stacked disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein II. The influence of electron irradiation on the stain distribution" J. Mol. Biol. 87:657-670.

Dubochet, J. (1975) "Carbon loss during irradiation of T4 bacteriophages and E. coli bacteria in electron microscopes" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 52:276-288.

Glaeser, R. M. (1975) "Radiation damage and biological electron microscopy" In Physical Aspects of Electron Microscopy & Microbeam Analysis (B. Siegel & D. R. Beaman, eds.) John Wiley & Sons, N. Y. 205-229.

Ottensmeyer, F. P., Whiting, R. F., Schmidt, E. E. & Clemens, R. S. (1975) "Electron microtephroscopy of proteins: A close look at the ashes of myokinase and protamine" J. Ultrastruc. Res. 52:193-201

Salih, S. M. & Cosslett, V. E. (1975) "Radiation damage in electron microscopy of organic materials: Effect of low temperatures" J. Microscopy 105:269-276.

Hahn, M., Seredynski, J. & Baumeister, W. (1976) "Inactivation of catalase monolayers by irradiation with 100keV electrons" Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 73:823-827.

Cosslett, V. E. (1978) "Radiation damage in the high resolution electron microscopy of biological materials: A review" J. Microscopy 113:113-129.

Glaeser, R. M. & Taylor, K. A. (1978) "Radiation damage relative to transmission electron microscopy of biological specimens at low temperature: A review" J. Microscopy 112:127-138.

Chiu, W. & Glaeser, R. M. (1980) "Evaluation of photographic emulsions for low-exposure-imaging" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.194-199.

Dietrich, I., Dubochet, J., Fox, F., Knapek, E. & Weyl, R. (1980) "Reduction of radiation damage by imaging with a superconducting lens system" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.234-244.

Fujiyoshi, Y., Kobayashi, T., Ishizuka, K., Uyeda, N., Ishida, Y. & Harada Y. (1980) "A new method for optimal-resolution electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens" Ultramicrosc. 5:459-468.

Herrmann, K.-H., Krahl, D. & Rust, H.-P. (1980) "Low-dose image recording by TV techniques" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.186-193.

Kessel, M., Frank, J. & Goldfarb, W. (1980) "Low-dose electron microscopy of individual biological macromolecules" In Electron Microscopy at Molecular Dimensions (W. Baumeister & W. Vogell, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp.154-160.

Knapek, E. & Dubochet, J. (1980) "Beam damage to organic material is considerably reduced in cryo-electron microscopy" J. Mol. Biol. 141:147-161.

RADIATION EFFECTS (Continued)

Dubochet, J., Knapek, E. & Dietrich, I. (1981) "Reduction of beam damage by cryoprotection at 4K" Ultramicrosc. 6:77-80.

Chiu, W. & Jeng, T. W. (1982) "Electron radiation sensitivity of protein crystals" Ultramicrosc. 10:63-70.

Hosoi, J. & Matsuo, T. (1982) "Radiation-induced changes in the images of a negatively stained specimen" Ultramicrosc. 7:233-240.

Talmon, Y. (1982) "Thermal and radiation damage to frozen hydrated specimens" J. Microscopy 125:227-237.

Downing, K. H. (1983) "Temperature dependence of the critical electron exposure for hydrocarbon monolayers" Ultramicrosc. 11:229-238.

Lepault, J., Freeman, R. and Dubochet, J. (1983) "Electron beam induced 'vitrified ice'" J. Microscopy 132:RP3-RP4.

Wrigley, N. G., Brown, E. and Chillingworth, R. K. (1983) "Combining accurate defocus with low-dose imaging in high resolution electron microscopy of biological material" J. Microsc. 130:225-232.

Jeng, T. -W. & Chiu, W. (1984) "Quantitative assessment of radiation damage in a thin protein crystal" J. Microsc. 136:35-44.

Talmon, Y. (1984) "Radiation damage to organic inclusions" Ultramicrosc. 14:305-316.

Henderson, R. &Glaeser, R. M. (1985) "Quantitative analysis of image contrast in electron micrographs of beam-sensitive crystals" Ultramicrosc. 16:139-150.

Berriman, J. & Leonard, K. R. (1986) "Methods for specimen thickness determination in electron microscopy. II. Changes in thickness with dose" Ultramicrosc. 19:349-366.

Downing, K. H. & Glaeser, R. M. (1986) "Improvement in high resolution image quality of radiation-sensitive specimens achieved with reduced spot size of the electron beam" Ultramicrosc. 20:269-278.

Talmon, Y., Adrian, M. and Dubochet, J. (1986) "Electron beam damage to organic inclusions in vitreous, cubic, and hexagonal ice" J. Microsc. 141:375-384.

Bullough, P. &Henderson, R. (1987) "Use of spot-scan procedure for recording low-dose micrographs of beam-sensitive specimens" Ultramicrosc. 21(3):223-230.

Cermola, M. & Schreil, W. -H. (1987) "Size changes of polystyrene latex particles in the electron microscope under controlled physical conditions" J. Elec. Microsc. Tech. 5:171-179.

Dorset, D. L. &Zemlin, F. (1987) "Specimen movement in electron-irradiated paraffin crystals - A model for initial beam damage" Ultramicrosc. 21:263-270.

Jesior, J.-C. &Wade, R. H. (1987) "Electron-irradiation-induced flattening of negatively-stained 2D protein crystals" Ultramicrosc. 21:313-320.

Lamvik, M. K., Kopf, D. A. and Davilla, S. D. (1987) "Mass loss rate in collodion is greatly reduced at liquid helium temperature" J. Microsc. 148:211-217.

Downing, K. H. (1988) "Observations of restricted beam-induced specimen motion with small-spot illumination" Ultramicrosc. 24:387-398.

Luther, P. K., Lawrence, M. C. and Crowther, R. A. (1988) "A method for monitoring the collapse of plastic sections as a function of electron dose" Ultramicrosc. 24:7-18.

Miscellaneous:


Shao, Z., Yang, J. and Somlyo, A. P. (1995) "Biological atomic force microscopy: From microns to nanometers and beyond" Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11:241-265.



  

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